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American Chimneys A Brief History of Style 10/2/14 Early American chimneys were well used for heating and cooking and, while not designed to meet any codes or safety standards, experience taught many what was safe and what was not.
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| Log cabins in the back woods and on the frontier sometimes had waddle and daub chimneys - which often caught fire - so they were built leaning away from the house so they could be easily pulled down to save the house when they caught fire. |
 Digital Library of Appalachia
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Before 1796 - before the shallow Rumford fireplace design swept the country - fireplaces were deep. Of course there were many central chimneys but chimneys built on exterior walls were built outside of the exterior walls of the house.
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 Williamsburg, 1760 |
A chimney in Williamsburg, for example, restored to about the 1760, is outside the structure of the building. Notice the separation between the chimney and the roof for fire safety. Fire safety strategies, too, have changed over the years. See sidebar. This Tidewater Colonial house built in 1750 can be dated "before Rumford" because the chimney is built on the outside of the exterior wall to accommodate a deep pre-Rumford fireplace. |
 Tidewater Colonial, 1750 |
 Norfolk, VA c 1807 |
After 1796, when almost every fireplace was a shallow Rumford fireplace, chimneys came inside or were incorporated into the exterior walls of the house because it was easier to build the chimneys over the shallow fireplaces rather than to slope the flues to reach through the wall to an exterior chimney. |
 Ontario, Canada c 1844 |
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Victorian chimneys were often a lot fancier but the fireplaces were small, shallow coal or gas fireplaces that were patented variations of the older Rumford fireplaces. Because of the shallow fireplaces, the chimneys were still, generally, part of, or inside, the exterior walls of the house. Clay flue liners began to be used in lieu of two wythes of masonry and to protect the masonry from condensation from gas appliances. |
| Shallow fireplaces and inside chimneys lasted up through the 1930's and 1940's. The 1930's house on the left was built to vent a coal furnace and a shallow gas fireplace which you can tell by the 8"x8" and 8"x12" flues protruding from the top of the chimney. The 1917 house on the right vented two gas fireplaces. |
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By the 1950's ranch houses were popular and so was "central heating". Fuel was cheap. Fireplaces were not required for heating. Fireplaces were "optional". You might say fireplaces were re-invented to look horizontal so they would fit with the ranch style architecture. Fireplaces were also made deeper than they had been for 150 years to help keep them from smoking and, for the first time since the 18th century, chimneys were again built on the outside of the house. |
 Into the 1970's and 80's fireplaces were "optional" and chimneys (increasingly sided with wood to hide metal chimneys) were tacked on the outside of the house. |
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There are some "period homes" being built. But, even if the detailing is pretty good, often you can tell that it's not really an old home by the chimney. This new house, which looks as if it might have been built about 1890, would look more authentic with a smaller barrel chimney inside the exterior wall and only visible above the roof. |
| "In a modern house, if there is a chimney at all, it's probably metal with a wooden or fake-brick surround. Although some wooden chimney designs work because they're designed to look as if they grew out of the house, their only function is to conceal a metal pipe. I think a metal chimney looks better by itself rather than obscured by a false front. It comes down to a question of honesty: If you perceive one aspect of a design as fake, you might assume the rest is fake too. I'd like to argue for the return of an honest chimney, one that represents the levels of design and craft that go into a house, one that identifies the house as a home." - Jeremiah Eck, Architect; Fine Hombuilding, December, 1998/January, 1999. |
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Page objective: 1) identify date of chimney 2) historic fire safety strategies
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